Conditions

Alkene to Alkane

• Hydrogenation
• (g)
• Pt/Ni catalyst
• Heat

Longer chain alkane to smaller chain alkane

• catalytic cracking
• heat

Alkane to halogenoalkane

• free radical substitution
• presence of uv light

Halogenoalkane to alkene

• elimination (of HX) from a halogenoalkane
• ethanolic NaOH
• heat

Alcohol to alkene

• dehydration
• heated catalyst e.g. () or
• concentrated acid (e.g )

Longer chain alkane to alkene

• heat

Alkene to alcohol

• electrophilic addition
• (g)
• catalyst

Alkene to halogenoalkane

• electrophilic addition
• hydrogen halide (g)
• room temperature

Alkene to dihalogenoalkane

• a halogen

Alkene to diol

• oxidation
• cold dilute acidified

Alkene to Ketone

• oxidation with cleavage
• hot conentrated acidified

Alkene to Carboxylic Acid

• oxidation with cleavage
• hot conentrated acidified

Alkene to poly(alkene)

• addition polymerisation

Alcohol to halogeno

• substitution
• HX(g) or
• KCl and conc H2SO4 or H3PO4 or
• PCl3 and heat or
• PCl5 or
• SOCl2

halogeno to alcohol

• substitution
• NaOH
• Heat

halogeno to nitrile

• substitution
• KCN in ethanol
• heat

halogeno to amine (1 and 2)

• NH3 in ethanol
• heat
• pressure

halogeno to alkene

• elimination
• NaOH in ethanol
• Heat

aldehyde to alcohol

• reduction
• NaBH4 or LiAlH4

ketone to alcohol

• reduction
• NaBH4 or LiAlH4

carboxylic to primary alcohol

• reduction
• LiAlH4

ester to alcohol

• hydrolysis
• dilute acid or
• dilute alkali
• heat

alcohol to aldehyde

• k2cr2o7
• primary
• oxidation with distillation

alcohol to carboxylic

• k2cr2o7
• primary
• oxidation with reflux

alcohol to ketone

• k2cr2o7
• secondary
• oxidation with reflux

alcohol to ester

• reaction with carboxylic acid
• conc H2SO4 catalyst

aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

• HCN
• KCN catalyst
• heat

ketone to hydroxynitrile

• HCN
• KCN catalyst
• heat

aldehyde to CA

• oxidatation k2cr207 of kmn04
• reflux

nitrile to CA

• hydrolysis
• dilute acid or
• dilute alkali
• follwoed by acidification

ester to CA

• hydroysis
• dilute acid or
• dilute alkali
• heat
• followied by acidifiecation

CA to ester

• reation with alcohol
• conc H2SO4 catalyst

alcohol to ester

• raction with acyl

acyl to esters

• reaction with alcohol

CA to acyl

• PCl3
• heat or
• PCl5 or
• SOCl2

acyl to CA

• hydrolysis on addition of water
• room temperature

acyl to amide

• ammonia at room temp

primary or secondary amine to amide

• acyl room temp

primary amine to secondary amine

• halogeno
• ethanol
• heated under pressure

amide to amine

• reduction
• lialh4

nitrile to amine

• reduction
• lialh4 or
• H2/ni

primary amine to amide

• reaction with acyl

amide to ca

• hydrolysis with aqueous alkali or aquesous acid